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IB Math AAHL
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Maclaurin
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Skills
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Skill Checklist

Track your progress across all skills in your objective. Mark your confidence level and identify areas to focus on.

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📖 = included in formula booklet • 🚫 = not in formula booklet

IB Math AAHL
/
Maclaurin
/
Skills
Edit

Skill Checklist

Track your progress across all skills in your objective. Mark your confidence level and identify areas to focus on.

Track your progress:

Don't know

Working on it

Confident

📖 = included in formula booklet • 🚫 = not in formula booklet

Track your progress:

Don't know

Working on it

Confident

📖 = included in formula booklet • 🚫 = not in formula booklet

Skill Checklist

Track your progress across all skills in your objective. Mark your confidence level and identify areas to focus on.

14 Skills Available

Track your progress:

Don't know

Working on it

Confident

📖 = included in formula booklet • 🚫 = not in formula booklet

Track your progress:

Don't know

Working on it

Confident

📖 = included in formula booklet • 🚫 = not in formula booklet

Operations on Maclaurin Series

7 skills
Maclaurin Series of Composite Functions
AHL 5.19

The Maclaurin series for a composite function ​f(g(x))​ is

​
f(g(x))=f(0)+g(x)f′(0)+2![g(x)]2​f′′(0)🚫
​


Basically, we replace ​xn​ with ​[g(x)]n.

Adding and Subtracting Series
AHL 5.19

We can add or subtract Maclaurin polynomials by adding or subtracting the coefficients of each power of ​x​ from the original polynomials.

Integration of Maclaurin Series
AHL 5.19

We can integrate a function by integrating its Maclaurin polynomial term by term.

Differentiation of Maclaurin Series
AHL 5.19

We can differentiate a Maclaurin series using the power rule on each term.

Multiplying Maclaurin Series
AHL 5.19

We can find the first few terms in the Maclaurin Series for a product ​f(x)×g(x)​ by multiplying out the first few terms in the Maclaurin Series for ​f​ and ​g.

Division of Maclaurin Series
AHL 5.19

We can perform "division" of Maclaurin series by assuming that the result of the division is a series with

​
p(x)=g(x)f(x)​=a0​+a1​x+a2​x2+⋯,
​

where ​an​​ are the coefficients of the ​n​th power term. Then, we multiply ​g(x)f(x)​​ and ​a0​+a1​x+a2​x2+...​ by ​g(x). Finally, we solve for the unknown coefficients using the Maclaurin series of ​f(x).

Limits using Maclaurin Series
AHL 5.19

Certain limits may be evaluated with L’Hôpital's rule but require difficult or repeated differentiation. Sometimes, expanding a function within the limit using its Maclaurin series and simplifying is an easier method for evaluating these limits.


This kind of simplification often works because we know that after a certain point, every term will tend to ​0, allowing us to focus on the few terms that do not.

Maclaurin Series Basics

7 skills
General formula
AHL 5.19

Maclaurin series allow us to approximate arbitrary functions as polynomials.


The Maclaurin series for a function ​f​ is given by

​
f(x)=f(0)+xf′(0)+2!x2​f′′(0)+⋯📖
​


In summation form:

​
f(x)=n=0∑∞​n!f(n)(0)xn​🚫
​


e^x
AHL 5.19

The Maclaurin series for ​ex​ is

​
ex=1+x+2!x2​+⋯📖
​
sin(x)
AHL 5.19

The Maclaurin series for ​sinx​ is

​
sinx=x−3!x3​+5!x5​−⋯📖
​
cos(x)
AHL 5.19

The Maclaurin series for ​cosx​ is

​
cosx=1−2!x2​+4!x4​−⋯📖
​
ln(x+1)
AHL 5.19

The Maclaurin series for ​ln(x+1)​ is

​
ln(x+1)=x−2x2​+3x3​−⋯📖
​
arctan(x)
AHL 5.19

The Maclaurin series for ​arctanx​ is

​
arctanx=x−3x3​+5x5​−⋯📖
​
Binomial extension for rational exponents
AHL AA 1.10

The binomial theorem can be extended to expansions with rational exponents (​n∈Q​):

​
(a+b)n=an(1+n(ab​)+2!n(n−1)​(ab​)2+⋯)📖
​

Skill Checklist

Track your progress across all skills in your objective. Mark your confidence level and identify areas to focus on.

14 Skills Available

Track your progress:

Don't know

Working on it

Confident

📖 = included in formula booklet • 🚫 = not in formula booklet

Track your progress:

Don't know

Working on it

Confident

📖 = included in formula booklet • 🚫 = not in formula booklet

Operations on Maclaurin Series

7 skills
Maclaurin Series of Composite Functions
AHL 5.19

The Maclaurin series for a composite function ​f(g(x))​ is

​
f(g(x))=f(0)+g(x)f′(0)+2![g(x)]2​f′′(0)🚫
​


Basically, we replace ​xn​ with ​[g(x)]n.

Adding and Subtracting Series
AHL 5.19

We can add or subtract Maclaurin polynomials by adding or subtracting the coefficients of each power of ​x​ from the original polynomials.

Integration of Maclaurin Series
AHL 5.19

We can integrate a function by integrating its Maclaurin polynomial term by term.

Differentiation of Maclaurin Series
AHL 5.19

We can differentiate a Maclaurin series using the power rule on each term.

Multiplying Maclaurin Series
AHL 5.19

We can find the first few terms in the Maclaurin Series for a product ​f(x)×g(x)​ by multiplying out the first few terms in the Maclaurin Series for ​f​ and ​g.

Division of Maclaurin Series
AHL 5.19

We can perform "division" of Maclaurin series by assuming that the result of the division is a series with

​
p(x)=g(x)f(x)​=a0​+a1​x+a2​x2+⋯,
​

where ​an​​ are the coefficients of the ​n​th power term. Then, we multiply ​g(x)f(x)​​ and ​a0​+a1​x+a2​x2+...​ by ​g(x). Finally, we solve for the unknown coefficients using the Maclaurin series of ​f(x).

Limits using Maclaurin Series
AHL 5.19

Certain limits may be evaluated with L’Hôpital's rule but require difficult or repeated differentiation. Sometimes, expanding a function within the limit using its Maclaurin series and simplifying is an easier method for evaluating these limits.


This kind of simplification often works because we know that after a certain point, every term will tend to ​0, allowing us to focus on the few terms that do not.

Maclaurin Series Basics

7 skills
General formula
AHL 5.19

Maclaurin series allow us to approximate arbitrary functions as polynomials.


The Maclaurin series for a function ​f​ is given by

​
f(x)=f(0)+xf′(0)+2!x2​f′′(0)+⋯📖
​


In summation form:

​
f(x)=n=0∑∞​n!f(n)(0)xn​🚫
​


e^x
AHL 5.19

The Maclaurin series for ​ex​ is

​
ex=1+x+2!x2​+⋯📖
​
sin(x)
AHL 5.19

The Maclaurin series for ​sinx​ is

​
sinx=x−3!x3​+5!x5​−⋯📖
​
cos(x)
AHL 5.19

The Maclaurin series for ​cosx​ is

​
cosx=1−2!x2​+4!x4​−⋯📖
​
ln(x+1)
AHL 5.19

The Maclaurin series for ​ln(x+1)​ is

​
ln(x+1)=x−2x2​+3x3​−⋯📖
​
arctan(x)
AHL 5.19

The Maclaurin series for ​arctanx​ is

​
arctanx=x−3x3​+5x5​−⋯📖
​
Binomial extension for rational exponents
AHL AA 1.10

The binomial theorem can be extended to expansions with rational exponents (​n∈Q​):

​
(a+b)n=an(1+n(ab​)+2!n(n−1)​(ab​)2+⋯)📖
​